Man’s constant questions and initiatives Essay

Man’s constant questions and initiatives to answer these have constantly helped us understand the changes happening in our environment. This opens up new opportunities for validation and testing that can make the initiative feasible and acceptable by everyone. This seems to be valuable in any scientific endeavor. In the end, the use of experimentation and other models of testing can help generate the validity of a particular idea. Looking at the collaborative work in understanding and detecting living cells in atmospheric samples, it can be seen here that the proponents wanted to test out whether living organisms came from outer space. Seeing this, it can be argued that their analysis has merit since they are trying to test out and experiment whether the idea of living organisms come from space and transported to Earth with the aide of comets and asteroids. One reason that this idea holds merit is the fact that there had been previous experiments and studies which sought to find and extract particles that contain such elements. These tests have been adequately cited by the authors in the document. Likewise, prior to their extraction and analysis, there have been several attempts to do these things which started since 1960’s. This then allowed the current writers to further explore the possibilities available. Another reason that this analysis has merit is that it uses several scientific apparatus and techniques to actively decipher the needed areas. From the extraction process towards the interpretation of data, it can be seen that it uses numerous scientific models designed to fully understand and appreciate the relevance of such towards generating and proving their hypothesis that indeed comets provide living organisms from space. In the end, the experiment proved that there are indeed organisms that reside in comets and transferred into the Earth’s atmosphere. By equally understanding this process, it can help generate answers to the development of life here in the planet. In my own perspective, I feel that the most successful species on Earth are human beings. This argument does not revolve around the numerical value or on the years of existence. Rather, I seek to argue that humans are the most adaptive when it comes to development and expansion. With this characteristic and trait, it has helped each one of us transcend the challenges of the period and actively adjust to suit our individual needs and preferences. One reason that humans are considered the most successful species on Earth is their ability to adjust to the conditions of the environment. This can be proven throughout history when man had continuously sought to find improvements and changes in society and nature. By doing this, man gained better appreciation about the things that are happening and sought to create an avenue for existing and living. Another reason why such argument is made is the improvements man has created in the different fields of study. This ability has led man to create practices that are complex and sophisticated just to acquire information and understanding of things. This again opens up the potential of maximizing the available resources and integrates it towards the changing needs of the period. The last reason involves the capability of man to decipher new ways wherein it can improve. Though the existence of man can be considered to be young compared to other species who had inhabited the Earth, it can be argued though that we are the ones who had made the most improvements in the last 10,000 years. From the traditional use of flint and sedentary patterns, we now have evolved towards a complex society that is aided by technology and other fields. Our dynamic attitude and ability to discern questions has enabled us to dominate our species and become masters of this world. References CF, AC (2003) The detection of living cells in stratospheric samples. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from, http://www. astrobiology. cf. ac. uk/spie. html

The Importance of Promoting Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Schools

Written Assessment #2 in Unit 204 (2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5, 3. 1) The follow assessment will have a brief description of the importance of inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people. And it also contains an exploration of how our own attitudes, values and behaviour may lead to that inclusive practice, how to challenge discrimination and how to promote some important anti-discriminatory and inclusive practices. First of all is important to define what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practice. Inclusive practice is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers that compromise the children participation in their educational process, in their feeling of belonging and in their wellbeing in the school. Inclusion is about ensuring that all children, with or without disability and no matter their background, are able to participate in all education aspects in school. As teaching assistants, we have the duty to ensure that, at all the time, we promote inclusion in all school settings. Therefore, we should encourage good practices that will help to achieve this main principle of inclusion. Our own attitudes, values and behaviour could be fundamental to achieve this goal. The policies and procedures are in schools to be taken and we should show them, not only on some notice boards, displays and posters or in casual activities such cultural annual events, but also, through the every day contact with groups of children and young people. Our day basis conduct is important to show and teach the children how to promote equality and inclusion, how to avoid prejudice, racist behaviour and discrimination and, how to be better person, respectful and tolerant with others. As role models we are, at all time, an example for them, so we should keep up a good conduct and a positive practice, demonstrating with our own attitudes, values and behaviour that we prize kindness, justice, equality and mutual respect. If we show the children a disrespectful example towards the others that are considered different or if we don’t have convenient practices, they will assimilate that, and that is not what is expected in a school and in a human being, in the first steps of their growing up stage and construction of personality. So is important that we, critically, self-assess our attitudes and values, to find out what is necessary to improve or to change, towards a better understanding of the school diversity, a better awareness of possible barriers and how to face them, in a way to promote inclusion on school environment. Not making suppositions about children and young people and have a wider knowledge about their backgrounds, interests, abilities, individual needs and positive attributes, will help us to provide more efficient, suitable and personalised support for them. Is also important, to take in to account, at all the time, the importance of that diversity and the ways to avoid discrimination. Schools (in their policies) and we, as component part of the school, have the duty to guarantee that, anti-discriminatory practice (and not discrimination), is promoted. We can promote anti-discriminatory practice by: being a good role model in everything we do; promoting children diversity and individuality; given equal opportunities to all; promoting children participation in the learning process; being aware that â€Å"every child matters† as an individual; having good expectations (and not prejudice or discrimination) of all children; supporting a positive ethos within the school; giving pupils the confidence and skills to challenge discrimination and, finally, evaluating the very same anti-discriminatory practices, so we keep up-dating the good practices. One of the good practices is to identify and challenge discrimination. Our duty is to support and protect children from discrimination. We should be aware when it happens and not ignore or excuse it. We should protect their rights. And by rights, we mean the right to be supported, comprehended and educated, towards what is expected, towards a good and fair conduct and towards a solid confidence, self-esteem and sense of mutual belonging. We should avoid situations where the child feels that is not supported, that is putted aside, that their needs are being ignored, that is inferior to others or is disappointed with our attitude. To be able to challenge discrimination we need to know well the school policy, procedures and practice. So, if we are confident about what is good practice, we’ll be able to deal better with discriminatory situations. Discrimination can be intentional or due to lack of understanding and knowledge. Therefore, we should challenge discrimination by, addressing a person, explaining what has been said that is discriminatory and that this is not an acceptable behaviour, explaining what the causes of it are, and suggesting some ways to ensure anti-discriminatory practice, keeping, as far as possible, an assertiveness approach. In most cases, we should report to the authorities, such: a manager, supervisor or college tutor or even to the Local Authority (LA), when racist incidents occur. In conclusion, is important that we build up and practice good attitudes, values and behaviour in the school, because this will impact in the work with children and in the achievement of the school aims, values and policies. By promoting anti-discriminatory practice and doing an inclusive practice, we are promoting that every child: is not excluded, is valued, has a sense of belonging and have access to participation in the full educational program within a good school environment. As TA’s, is our responsibility to challenge discrimination and to avoid it. The school is the place where all students must have the same opportunities, but with different learning strategies, and by this we mean inclusive approach. An inclusive education encourages the children to be more tolerant, respectful (for our differences and equalities), more skilled, joyful and more independent, in school as pupils and in the society as citizens. I used the information in the follow PDF: http://www. google. co. uk/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=pdf%20how%20to%20challenge%20discrimination%20&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEYQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. pearsonschoolsandfecolleges. co. uk%2FFEAndVocational%2FChildcare%2FNVQSVQ%2FNVQSVQSupportingTeachingandLearning%2FSamples%2FLevel2STaLISsamplematerial%2FLevel2SupportingTeachingandLearninginSchoolsUnitTDA24sampl ematerial. pdf&ei=tUoFT9HPEomc8gP4yfCzAQ&usg=AFQjCNH7vnb_IgU2o_CZKzu5Ut2QubpREA

The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Choice of Occupation Research Paper

The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Choice of Occupation - Research Paper Example Methodology: The study selected (n=40) individuals, of which (n=30) were female, while (n=10) were male. A questionnaire was administered consisting of two major sections. One section sought to directly elicit the career preferences of the participants. The other section sought to indirectly elicit career preferences by asking participants to choose from a list of twenty eight career aspects that the participants preferred in their future career. These career aspects were then entered into the Making Better Career Decisions computer program to identify careers twenty-eight the aspects identified. Results: As hypothesized, there was a significant relationship between gender stereotypes of suitable careers and the careers chosen by participants of their respective genders in the directly elicited career lists. However, the relationship between gender stereotypes and careers selected from the indirectly elicited lists was less significant. Differences between males and females in the indirectly elicited lists were negligible. Conclusion: The influence of gender stereotypes on career choices can be significantly reduced if the decision is made based on the preferred aspects or characteristics of one’s future occupation, rather than the career itself, which is likely to be biased by gender stereotypes. According to Zafar (2013), the movement of female workers into the labor force in Europe has increased steadily in the last thirty years, although a similar number of women who occupy prestigious and powerful career roles in their respective fields have not matched this. While all careers, theoretically, should be equally available to females and males, various studies have shown that this is not perceived as being realistic by both genders.

Hypothyroidism and dna Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypothyroidism and dna - Research Paper Example According to Lavin (2009), hypothyroidism can be termed as thyroid hormone deficiency whereby the thyroid hormone levels in the body have no effects on the body tissues as required. He notes that thyroid hormones deficiency has numerous negative impacts on the overall functioning of the body tissues (Lavin, 2009). How does hypothyroidism affect DNA? It affects DNA by interfering with the usage of the messages carried by the DNA and DNA transcription. By binding to the receptors found on the nucleus of each cell, DNA transcription is affected. Hence, hypothyroidism leads to low levels of transcription of DNA. It reduces DNA synthesis (Thurlbeck & Churg, 1995). The cause of hypothyroidism could be injury to the thyroid gland. An illness such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can cause it. It leads to the production of antibodies that destroy the thyroid gland. Such illness is regarded to as an autoimmune disease. If the pituitary gland is destroyed or is not functioning properly, then thyroid hormone production is reduced. Some medications like lithium cause hypothyroidism. (Harvard Health Publications; White, & Garber, 2010). Genetics is can be used to explain how DNA mutation and alteration cause hypothyroidism. When there are DNA changes in various genes, then this can cause congenital hypothyroidism. The number of chromosomes also leads to hypothyroidism (Valente, Hosford-Dunn, & Roeser, 2008). DNA and hypothyroidisim have an intricate relationship. Ptaff (2002) asserts that relations of thyroid hormone with the proteins that bind Deoxyribonucleic acid is the main means through which thyroid hormone controls transcription of thyroid hormone-responsive genes (Ptaff, 2002). In hypothyroidism, DNA methyltransferase activity is regulated more while that of histone acetylases is regulated less (Acton, 2012). The thyroid –stimulating hormone ÃŽ ² gene defect has been found in various families with hypothyroidism. The defect in the

'If a business wants to maximise profit, it cannot be concerned with Essay

'If a business wants to maximise profit, it cannot be concerned with corporate social responsibility'. Critically discuss th - Essay Example When a business focuses on maximizing profit, they are ignoring their responsibility towards society. Should a business worry about the importance of CSR or that of maximizing profit (Davis 1960)? The paper discusses the fact that it is a business’ social responsibility to maximize profit by ignoring corporate social responsibility. Argument 1 It is the responsibility of the corporate executive to generate as much profit for the business while complying with the fundamental societal rules. CSR has the policies that ensure a business conforms to these rules. Throughout the decades, the theory of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) continues to develop in significance and importance. It has been the subject of considerable debate, commentary, theory building and research. Regardless of the continuing discussions as to what it means and what it entails, it has enhanced and evolved in both practitioner communities and academic globally (Smith 2003). The notion that the responsib ilities of business enterprises to society go past that of profit making for the shareholders has been here for many years. The phenomenon developed after the WW II and failed to take any direction in terms of significance until the 1960s and afterwards (Friedman 1970). So long as the government keeps the laws, corporations will continue to carry out their practices as the law permits them to maximize profit, so in other words, CSR is not the complete responsibility of corporations, but that of the governments. Edwards Freeman created the theory of the  stakeholder, which deals with a person’s values and morals in organization management (Friedman 1970). The  theory of the stockholder states that stockholders increase resources to corporate managers who operate as agents in developing their interests. The main purpose of any organization is to maximize profit. The problem is whether these organizations should have any responsibilities towards society. The function of a co rporation is vital when attempting to comprehend what builds a ‘good’ corporation (Smith 2003). Since the beginning of debates over CSR, critics and supporters have been expressive about the arguments for and against the notion of CSR. There has been expansive discussion about these arguments. Embedded in the discussions for and against the theory of CSR are points made previously, possibly on a gradual basis, supporting the concept. The argument against CSR concept classically  begins with the economic case expressed by the late Friedman (1970). According to Milton Friedman, the only duty of a business is to ensure maximum profit, and not worry about social responsibility. As a libertarian, he believes there is no need to get in the way of another person’s liberty. Milton supports free market and claims most developed capitalists states are, to some degree, welfares. According to him, the main social responsibility of a business is to ensure maximum profit, as long as it follows the rules of society. In short, a corporation should carry out its operations and take part in free and open competition exclusive of any fraud or deception. It is not right for businesses to have any form of social responsibility because most business owners become so in order to make profits. The issue of CSR also asks the question, who is responsible in ensuring the corporation follows CSR policies? Is it any person with power or the owner? Does an individual, as opposed to workers combined have moral duties (Smith 2003)? These are the type of

The Grapes of Wrath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Grapes of Wrath - Essay Example This paper will examine whether or not the themes of John Steinbeck in his novels -- particularly in relation to poverty - are still relevant in today's times and whether the message that he wished to impart is universal and timeless. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902. He pursued studies at the Stanford University but dropped out of university in a bid to jumpstart his writing career. He gained acclaim by writing about the common people toiling amidst the Great Depression, describing desperation and poverty with vivid and colorful images that touched the hearts of many. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck chronicled the travels of the Joad family from the Oklahoma Dust Bowl to California, which the family believed to be a land holding much promise and fortune for them. Together with a thousand others making the mass exodus, they brave the dusty highways carrying only their dreams and fuelled only by their faith. During their trip, they simulate society and social norms. Leaders emerge, "rules" are formed, bonds are forged, and human behavior is exposed. But even at the start of the novel, Steinbeck already established the theme of desperation of the American farmer, and how they are left out in the cold by society. Says Seelye (2003): Steinbeck uses Tom Jo... But even at the start of the novel, Steinbeck already established the theme of desperation of the American farmer, and how they are left out in the cold by society. Says Seelye (2003): Steinbeck uses Tom Joad's return from prison as a device emphasizing the alienation through dispossession of a great number of American farmers. The deserted, ramshackle Joad house is a mute witness to the impersonal, callous nature of American capitalism, which places profits over the well-being of hard-working tillers of the soil. At first identified with his family, Tom's progress thenceforth is deeper and deeper into the communal American soul, the larger family with which he becomes identified as his own disintegrates. It is of course, not unusual for writers to use literature as a forum for economic analysis. Of course, much drama is injected and there are plot twists and turns that would differentiate it from a purely economic piece. However, it cannot be denied that throughout history, literature has always been used to make a commentary on a prevailing economic situation. A good example of this may well be Gabriel Garcia Marquez' "One Hundred Years of Solitude", where the climax of the story was the savage killing of plantation workers who participated in a strike to protest oppressive working conditions. According to Watts and Smith (1989): It has long been noted that although literature and drama, like language, function as institutions in some ways separate from economic forces and conditions, they do play an important role in shaping public opinion and standards on many economic issues. In turn, economic thought and circumstances help shape and direct literature, drama and language. It is surprising then that few

Design a programme plan focusing on the introduction of safe sharps Essay

Design a programme plan focusing on the introduction of safe sharps mechanisms - Essay Example Sharp injuries are common risks that are well recognized in the healthcare sector. Medical sharps that are contaminated with a patient blood can transmit pathogens that cause more than twenty diseases of inclusive of the deadly one such as HIV and hepatitis is B and C (Pike 1976). The main aim of this health program is to come up with new regulations and strategies that will supplement the already existing ones in the control and prevention of health issues that arises from sharps injury. In this health program plan we will Ewels and Simnet 2003 planning model to come up with a very concrete and elaborate healthcare program to control and prevent the health care issues that arises due to sharp injuries. An effective sharp injury prevention program includes several components that must work in concert to protect health workers in mental institution and other medical centers from suffering injuries that are caused by needlesticks and other sharps (Ewels & Simnett 2003). This program plan is designed to be integrated into the existing infection control, performance improvement and safety programs in the various hospitals that aims at minimizing these tragedies (Linsley & Kane 2011). An institutional review of sharp injuries was conducted to help in determining the priorities in allocation of resource in this sharp prevention program. A review of about two hundred of sharp injuries that occur every year was analyzed and categorized into high, low or moderate. A total of 119 risks were considered to be moderate and the remaining ninety were considered to be at the low risk of acquiring blood borne diseases while the rest could not be categorized (Perry & Robinson 2004). Epidemiological data on sharp injuries incident, including those circumstances that are associated with the occupational transmission of the blood borne viruses, are very crucial elements in targeting and evaluating intervention at the national and local level. The actual magnitude of the

History of Art 101 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Art 101 - Movie Review Example The most evident elements include the Baths of Caracalla and the matching of soldiers led by the eagle ‘king of the sky’ curved or molded from metal The town setting built and developed with aspects of the Trajans Column, Circus Maximus and Curia Hostilia (Senate House) was always utilized to pass laws and decision to the military activities. The ancient assembly bell is featured as an art and architectural piece, which sermons people to Verona Arena an architectural element, where announcements were made (Veronus). Winding stairs in ancient Rome was common especially in Villas and Domus. The series uses Alyscamps in its development of the war activities between Rome and France. Daily activities are full of ancient civilization approaches and feature the Roman watermill, Antonine Wall in Scotland and Limes Germanicus in the military soldier activities of the day. The Rome series opens with soldier going out to defend the kingdom with their eagle mess always before them. In the film, the soldiers; Titus Pullo and Lucius Veronus spend time in the Domus that winds up with stairs and small window openings light the rooms (Veronus). The Titus Pullo and Lucius Veronus appear in one scene being in Egypt when in an incident of war, their fellow soldiers were killed and decided to escape. Art and architecture brought out in scenes in the right mix of the ancient setting of the movie. Together with clothing and the color, mixes specifically red for the soldiers, brown for the protagonists, white for inhabitants of the empire leadership

Television Essay Example for Free

Television Essay Disadvantages of television: 1. Television is a sort of time-consuming thing Instead of spending time on meaningful activities, many people tend to watch TV all day long. They waste time in watching their favorite programs on TV. This habit distracts them from their work, study, relationships and so on. 2. Television is a health hazard to people, especially to children Spending too much time on watching television can cause many diseases such as refractive error of the eyes (especially nearsightedness), obesity, heart attack, spine disease, mental disorder, etc. According to a report of Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia, which was published on Circle magazine, people who watch TV for more than 4 hour a day have a higher risk (80%) of dying from heart disease compared with those who watch less than two hours. In addition, sitting in front of TV for a long time without doing any exercise, and eating unhealthy food (snack, pizza, chip, etc) leads to obesity easily. Furthermore, radiation, X-rays, electronic beam, and other rays generated from TV have bad influence on users’ health, especially their eyes. 3. Television also broadcasts some inappropriate programs Even though many programs provide useful things for people, there are still some which have bad influence on their psychology, especially children and teenagers. More and more violent and â€Å"hot† scenes have appeared on TV. Children and teenagers, who have not completely developed awareness and psychology yet, tend to imitate characters’ behaviors on TV. So, that is not a good idea to let children and teenagers watch these things. 4. Television helps spread false advertisements Not all advertisements appearing on TV are reliable. Many companies are willing to pay a large amount of money to have their products been be popular on TV, even low-quality products. As you can see, the people in ads are always attractive: women are always very beautiful and sexy; men are always handsome and manly; and they always love a particular product which seems very good. Therefore, customers (usually housewives) will be attracted by these ads and desire to own it; they are likely to spend money on those products. disadvantage of television** The television has a lot of advantages, but like all scientific inventions, while it provides a lot of entertainment and knowledge to us it also has some disadvantages. The main disadvantage of television is that by providing indoor entertainment to people it has decreased the level of social interaction between people. It has especially adversely affected family ties, because while in earlier years when there was no television, children and parents spent more quality time together, now they are just glued in front of the television and dont give a lot of time to each other. It can also influence kids in a bad way if they watch the programs full of violence and crime, but then that can be monitored by the parents and they can see to it that they do not watch anything that influences them negatively. As I see it, the major disadvantage of television is that it has weakened family bonds. *** It can cause you to gain weight Its pretty intuitive that spending the evening parked in front of the T.V. doesnt burn a lot deal of calories. In fact, sitting quietly in front of the television set burns a paltry 68 calories per hour. Not exactly a formula for good health and fitness. Combine that with the high calorie snacks most people consume while watching that suspenseful television sit-com and you can see how watching T.V. can quickly pack on the pounds. One smart move not many people make is to exercise while they watch television. If more people parked an exercise bike in front of the T.V. instead of a recliner, the world would be a healthier place. ***It wastes time Television watchers should keep a log of the hours they choose to sit in front of the boob tube. After they experience the shock of realizing how much time theyve wasted, they could then make a list of ways to use that time more productively. Some suggestions might be: spend time with family, friends, and pets; start a part-time business; meditate or pray; play a sport; or pick up a hobby. They just might discover theres more to life than whats happening on the latest reality show. You can bet when people come to the end of their life they dont regret not having watched more T.V. 5.Watching TV has become bad habbits of human being. We require some kind of etiquate to educate the human beings for watching TV execessively without getting the advantages of the same. We have lost all our old heritage to socialise the environment. Watching TV does not involve the person participation actively. In sub-conscious mind we just go on watching the subject without involving our active mind. We are also loosing the social activities as well as outdoor activities which gives boosting effect on human mind. We should generate awareness among the people about the disadvantage of watching the TV. Although this great invention of science has played major role in human life to give more comfort as well as information human requires for his developement but in my view disadvantages has also played vital role to destroy of old age heritage which in fact scientifically proven that outdoor as social activities gives metal and physical satisfaction. As we are well our that our encestors have develope sense of visualising the events happening at far distant places. This has happend because human has practiced his body in such a that they can see adn visualise the thing before the events take place. But TV may not give this opportunity to develope the human mind. Watching TV has become habbit and some time we do not prefer to visit relatives and friends house and also do not prefer to be visited by them. We would like to generate the awareness in the human being to visulaise this drawback in order to avoid untoward incident to happen in futre and repent on this activity at later date. We must develope and generate a group who can devote the time to make people aware about the outcome of this activity. *..* It Can Cause You To Gain Weight It’s pretty intuitive that spending the evening parked in front of the T.V. doesn’t burn a lot deal of calories. In fact, sitting quietly in front of the television set burns a paltry 68 calories per hour. Not exactly a formula for good health and fitness. Combine that with the high calorie snacks most people consume while watching that suspenseful television sit-com and you can see how watching T.V. can quickly pack on the pounds. One smart move not many people make is to exercise while they watch television. If more people parked an exercise bike in front of the T.V. instead of a recliner, the world would be a healthier place. *..* It Wastes Time Television watchers should keep a log of the hours they choose to sit in front of the â€Å"boob tube†. After they experience the shock of realizing how much time they’ve wasted, they could then make a list of ways to use that time more productively. Some suggestions might be: spend time with family, friends, and pets; start a part-time business; meditate or pray; play a sport; or pick up a hobby. They just might discover there’s more to life than what’s happening on the latest reality show. You can bet when people come to the end of their life they don’t regret not having watched more T.V. *..* It Makes You Dumber To be assured of this, all you have to do is tune in to some of the popular reality shows to witness the dumbing down of America. A study conducted in 2005 and published in the Archives of Adolescent and Pediatric Medicine showed that kids who had their own television set scored lower on mathematics tests. Several other studies have supported this premise. It’s important to set a good example for the kids of today by encouraging them to read and engage in the arts rather than park themselves in front of the television set. *..* It Promotes Passivity Television allows its audiences to live vicariously through the situations and lives of fictional characters. It’s far easier for a television viewer to experience the thrill of a television character’s success than it is to go out and create success on their own terms. This is particularly detrimental to children and teenagers who need to develop a strong sense of self and a purpose in life. Television encourages passivity. There’s no doubt that television view does have its benefits if carefully selected programs are viewed. It’s a way to stay informed about what’s happening in the world. Plus, there are variety of channels that offer educational programming where you learn new skills ranging from cooking to crafts. The trick is to not let television overtake your life or the life of your family to the exclusion of other more important activities. Let television be a treat rather than a daily ritual. CHILDREN from disadvantaged families watch more television than children from higher socio-economic backgrounds, research has found. The joint study by the Australian Institute of Family Studies and the University of New England also found that a third of Australian children aged over two are spending more than the recommended two hours a day watching TV. AIFS researcher Dr Ben Edwards said while childrens television watching was low in the first year, by two to three years of age, television occupied a significant portion of a childs time, particularly for those from lower socio-economic families. At critical ages for child development, when children are under three years old, the more disadvantaged the childs background, the more likely it was that they would watch television for more than two hours, he said.By the time children were aged between four and five, the proportion of children from disadvantaged backgrounds watching more than three hours of television a day was more than double that of children from advantaged backgrounds. The research also found that children from higher socio-economic backgrounds spent more time reading. Among the most disadvantaged families, 41-47 per cent of children were not read to at all, compared with only 15-22 per cent of children in the most advantaged families. Dr Edwards said the findings could help explain the means through which social advantage is transmitted across generations because, he argues, longer TV viewing can encroach on other learning and developmental opportunities such as reading and imaginative play. Four years ago, Carmel and Jesper Nielsen, from Prahran, began restricting their childrens TV viewing to weekends only. Their children now watch about six hours of TV a week. Computer games are limited to two hours a week. Basically, we felt it was displacing that creative and imaginative play as well as physical activity and, just as importantly, when they were watching TV there was very little family interaction, Ms Nielsen said. She said while it was initially difficult to reduce their childrens TV viewing, they are now just as happy to play with their toys or play sport outside.

The Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Essay Example for Free

The Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Essay In fiber optic networks, OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) is an opto-electronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. Unlike power meters OTDR does not measure loss, but instead implies it by looking at the backscatter signature of the fiber. Generally, OTDR are used to determine the loss of any part of a system, the length of the fiber and the distance between any points of interest. Most of the light which is sent to the fiber can be detected at the other end, but a part of it is always absorbed or scattered. Absorption and scattering are caused by imperfections of fiber, small grains of dirt, for instance. Scattering means that light is not absorbed but it is just sent in different angle after it hits small particles in optical fiber (Figure 1). Some of the light is scattered to the direction it came from. This is called backscattering. Backscattering forms the basis to the use of the optical time domain reflectometry. Figure 1 Rayleigh –scattering in optical fiber Optical time domain reflectometry is based on scattering and reflections. OTDR sends an optical pulse to the fiber and measures the received backscattering. The signal which is received consists naturally only of scattering and reflections of pulse which was sent. By interpreting signal as a function of time OTDR can draw an attenuation of a fiber as a function of distance. Theory of the OTDR Optical time domain reflectometry measures backscattering as a function of time and graph is then drawn as a function of distance (Figure 2). The graph represents the power of signal which the detector of the OTDR receives. The graph of fiber probed by OTDR consists of two spikes with gradually decreasing line between them. The line between spikes is decreasing because the received signal is decreased as a function of distance in accordance with attenuation coefficient of fiber. At the both ends of fiber reflection is large (Fresnel reflection) which creates spikes to the graph. Length of the fiber can therefore be measured from the width of the graph. Figure 2 OTDR signal as a function of distance An OTDR trace is a graphical representation of optical changes or events on a fiber. An event could be a splice, optical connector, a bend, a break, or just normal backscattered light from the fiber itself. In the OTDR trace faults for instance, are shown as a drop in the power of received signal (Figure 3). Size of a drop depends on an amount of power that is lost due to the component. The lost power represents of course the attenuation of component. Components and faults in fiber are either reflective or nonreflective. Reflective components create a spike to the graph of OTDR the same way as the both ends of fiber do. With nonreflective components there are no spikes because no excess light is reflected back. In most cases reflective attenuation is caused by connectors or other passive components and nonreflective attenuation is usually caused by fusion splice or similar fault in fiber. Figure 3 Attenuation of different faults Figure 4 OTDR Trace Information The slope of the OTDR trace shows the attenuation coefficient of the fiber and is calibrated in dB/km by the OTDR (Figure 4). Whereby, The height of that peak will indicate the amount of reflection at the event, unless it is so large that it saturates the OTDR receiver. Then the peak will have a flat top and tail on the far end, indicating the receiver was overloaded. Sometimes, the loss of a good fusion splice will be too small to be seen by the OTDR. Thats good for the system but can be confusing to the operator. It is very important to know the lengths of all fiber in the network so that the operator is not confused by unusual events. Reflective pulses show the resolution of the OTDR. Two events which are closer than the pulse width cannot be seen. Generally longer pulse widths are used to be able to see farther along the cable plant and narrower pulses are used when high resolution is needed, although it limits the distance the OTDR can see. The Dead Zone Dead zones originate from reflective events (connectors, mechanical splices, etc.) along the link, and they affect the OTDR’s ability to accurately measure attenuation on shorter links and differentiate closely spaced events, such as connectors in patch panels, etc. When the strong optical reflection from such an event reaches the OTDR, its detection circuit becomes saturated for a specific amount of time (converted to distance in the OTDR) until it recovers and can once again measure backscattering accurately. As a result of this saturation, there is a part of the fiber link following the reflective event that can not be â€Å"seen† by the OTDR. Analyzing the dead zone is very important to ensure the whole link is measured. Two types of dead zones are usually specified: 1. Event dead zone: This refers to the minimum distance required for consecutive reflective events to be â€Å"resolved†, i.e., to be differentiated from each other. If a reflective event is within the event dead zone of the preceding event, it will not be detected and measured correctly. Industry standard values range from 0.8 m to 5 m for this specification. Figure 5 Common OTDR with 3 m event dead zone 2. Attenuation dead zone: This refers to the minimum distance required, after a reflective event, for the OTDR to measure a reflective or non-reflective event loss. To measure short links and to characterize or find faults in patchcords and leads, the shortest possible attenuation dead zone is best. Industry standard values range from 3 m to 10 m for this specification. To overcome the problem of dead zones, usually a patchcord of about 100 m is added at the beginning of the system. As a result, all lauch dead zone problems have finished before the fiber (which is to be tested) is reached. Ghosts When testing short cables with highly reflective connectors, it is likely to encounter ghosts like in Figure 6. These are caused by the reflected light from the far end connector reflecting back and forth in the fiber until it is attenuated to the noise level. Ghosts are very confusing, as they seem to be real reflective events like connectors, but will not show any loss. If a reflective event in the trace is found at a point where there is not supposed to be any connection, but the connection from the launch cable to the cable under test is highly reflective, look for ghosts at multiples of the length of the launch cable. Figure 6 OTDR Ghosts Resolution of the OTDR Consider that light travels 1 m every 5 ns in the fiber, so a pulsewidth of 100 ns would extend for a distance of 20 m. When the light reaches an event, such as a connector, the light is reflected. The reflection appears to be a 20 m pulse on the OTDR. However, if two events are separated by a distance of 10 m or less (Figure 7), the two reflections will overlap and join up in returning to the OTDR. Figure 7 Thus the OTDR will display the two events as one event and the loss at each event is not detected, instead the sum of losses at both events will be shown on the OTDR. Choosing a shorter pulsewidth may give a better resolution but in turn resulting a low energy content (causing shorter detection range). Besides using a shorter pulse which will provide the required range, a tool that is called a â€Å"visual fault locator† can help too. The visual fault locator injects a bright red laser light into the fiber to find faults. If there is a high loss, such as a bad splice, connector or tight bend stressing the fiber, the light lost may be visible to the naked eye. This will resolve event which is close to the OTDR or close to another event that are not resolvable to the OTDR. The limitation of this tool is about 4 km.

Information Systems Capstone

Information Systems Capstone Richard Lecator   Background information of the Company The company is known for its dominant role in the collection and analysis of data. The firm has been operational for a duration almost equaling two years and has a total of approximate 20 employees, where four have been delegated to the IT department. Due to the rampant growth that has been exhibited by the firm, pundits predict that it is going to experience a staggering 60% growth for the next one and a half year. The organization collects data by the help of the Web analytics and then combines it with the data obtained from the operation systems. Web analytics hold a significant role in the majority of the marketing plans for the business, and it involves measuring, collecting, analyzing and then reporting the data collected from the website for the sake of development and optimization of usage of the web. The firm is a very young one and hence is struggling to adapt to the limited technological infrastructure it has to keep it running. However, regardless of this, the firm still anticipates having the business expanded in the next half a year by having its operational activities moved from its current one floor to a spacious three floors. The company has all the information regarding its operations kept in the form of both hardware and software and stored on-site. Details regarding the Type of Business that the Company is Engaged In. The firm works on web analytics and effective qualitative reportage. The software used by the firm enables it to have high quality, data collection that is very effective that starts in minutes without any necessity of additional programming (Aalst, 2009). Therefore, whether it is a huge document, review or digital sets of data, the organization will be able to provide you with analytical services, which will be of great help for you in acquiring answers that are simpler to ambiguous business queries. Types of Data that the Company Collects The firm is further able to collect native and email data from almost all the electronic sources, with the inclusion of the individual computers, storage devices for mobile media, backup tapes, networks belonging to the companies, and the mobile devices for personal use (Aalst, 2009). This shows that the company is well equipped to manage almost all of the devices. The Current Outsourcing and offshoring activities. Globalization and an increase in the competition on the global standards have pushed the organization to incorporate a wider range of economical transfers and the process of exchanging goods and services, technical know-how, personnel, and numerous other related intermediate activities that are part of the value chains for the global markets. When it comes outsourcing and offshoring, there is always a very close relationship amid the locations, motivational standards and the organizational strategy for the company (Warranty Data Collection and Analysis, 2011). Technological advancements will ultimately play great roles in reshaping this subject more in the organization. The main reason behind the organization resolving to the activities related to outsourcing and offshoring when it comes to knowledge is because the firm has an objective of cementing its competitive advantage. This will only be achieved through exploitation of the locally available talent and proficiency in the host economies. The skilled information personnel in position and their responsibilities The following are the duties and the responsibilities of the team that will ensure the fulfillment of the project. The Senior Project Director  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The individual will be in charge of ensuring that the project is planned, directed and ensures a  smooth running of the project. The individual will also be in charge of ensuring that the project deliverables and their functions are achieved as stated in the Charter of the project (Ward, 2006). He will also be in charge of ensuring that accountability is maintained when it comes to managing the resources for the project. The Quality Manager and the Technical Lead Will ensure that both the proposed product and that the qualities of the process for the project are maintained. Will manage every days activities for the project and that there is a good liaison with the projects technical management. Will ensure that the technical disciples regarding the project are maintained. Will partner with the IT department to ensure that adequate technical assistance is accorded to the project handlers. Will be in charge of advising on the insight regarding the health of the project. Will be available to offer leadership assistance to the technical staff throughout the life cycle of the project. Will provide necessary assistance to the Senior Project Director in establishing the best technical policies, procedures, and processes for the project. Implementation and test lead Will be in-charge of: Managing the implementation phase of the project. Providing leadership when it comes to implementation management by forming, synchronizing, scheduling, and closely overseeing the activities during the implementation phase. Directing the testing process of the newly created structure. Will work with the state and the federal departments to ensure that the test is carried out as provided for by the law. Operation Lead Will be in charge of: Coordinating and supervising how the new system works The particular data collected by the company The information systems that is currently being used by the company: Operational Systems and Databases Below are some of the operating systems and Databases that the organization has been using to help with its day to day activities. Operating System They include: Microsoft.NET 2.0 Framework ASP.NET 2.0 master pages, the gratified pages, and Web Parts. Windows Workflow Foundation. Databases Business Request Data Site custom data InfoPath Forms Services Analytics and Interfaces The most used analytic interface being used by the organization is the graphic interface. Infrastructure and Security To ensure the security of the collected data, the firm has resolved to the use of the combination of both the technologies of the cloud computing and Software-as-as-a-Service (SaaS). Therefore, when the organization thoroughly implements the above-outlined structure, then the structures it will have initiated in place will be able to assist with holding the demand for the expansion that the business requires. References Aalst, W., Joseph, M., Mylopoulos, J., Sadeh, N. M., Shaw, M. J., Szyperski, C., Gotel, O., Meyer-Stabley, B. (2009). Software Engineering Approaches for Offshore and Outsourced Development: Third International Conference, SEAFOOD 2009, Zurich, Switzerland, July 2-3, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ward, P., Dafoulas, G. (2006). Database management systems. London: Thomson. Warranty Data Collection and Analysis. (2011). London: Springer-Verlag London Limited. Information Systems Capstone Information Systems Capstone Richard Lecator The organization is proud to be able to review and enter into a partnership with its customers in the goal of overhauling the company visibility. This visibility will be done in hopes to increase brand awareness while increasing the residential customer base and the industrial IT services. Through the improved visual appearance of the company assets the brand will become known for its appearance and with the known presence will make changes within the organization. The graphics will provide information in regards to the company as well as local contacts and the company website. With that, the organization will strive to increase its quality of field service as well as improve the quality of the customer service through face to face interactions as well as online and telephone interactions. To ensure maximum satisfaction of the organizations customers, the following Project Implementation plan has been drafted to assist with ensuring that the project is smoothly and comprehensively carried out. The refurnishing process of the organizations IT department is a huge project that the organization would like to capitalize on greatly. The IT Plan The IT department holds a vital role in the process of realization of the project. The organization understands this with a very strong implication. This is why the firm has taken necessary steps to ensure that the IT plan developed has a close association with its Business Plan. This Organizations IT plan will help in achieving the successes of the project by making sure that the best IT personnel that bear recommended qualifications are brought on board. If put to use according to plan, the plan will prove to be a great tool in assisting with controlling the activities of the IT department throughout the whole process. Roles and Responsibilities of Team Members of the Project The list provided below outlines the duties and the obligations of the Organizations project team. The Senior Project Director In charge of planning directing and overseeing the project, and making that the project deliverables and its functionality are realized. Ensures that there is maintenance of accountability when it comes to managing all of the resources being used in the project. Acts an intermediary with between the project and its sponsors. The Quality Manager In charge of managing the quality of the product and the process involved in the project. Ensures that the traceability matrix of the requirements is maintained. In charge of providing insight into the health of the project. The Roles and the duties of: The Technical Lead have been clearly outlined. The Implementation Lead. The Application Support Lead. The Test Lead have been properly and thoroughly outlined. The Configuration Lead and, The Operations Lead have all been clearly outlined in the Human Resource Plan. Project Organizational Charts The graphic structure below, derived from DMOZ Regional: North America: United States: Tennessee: Guides and Directories. (2016), is a representation of the reporting hierarchy for the project. The chart below, shows the existing association of the tasks for the project and the members of the team. All of the changes that are proposed to the responsibilities of the project must receive a direct approval from the Office of the Project Manager. Proposal of change will only occur with a basis to the control process of change for the project. When the change is made, all of the documents for the project will be updated and then redeployed by the procedures. Roles Infrastructure Preparation Requirements Gathering Design Configuration Development Implementation Software Testing Conduct Training Senior Project Director A A R R C C Quality Manager A R C C Technical Lead A R Implementation Lead I A R C I Application Support Lead A C R I Test Lead A C R C C Configuration Lead R A R C Operation Lead C Key: R Responsible for completing the work A Accountable for ensuring task completion/sign off C Consulted before any decisions are made I Informed of when an action/decision has been made Gantt Chart Staffing Management Plan       The Staffing Management Plan helps with the formalization of the processes that are used in managing the project. This plan positions itself with the available processes like refurbishment, cultural and people policies, the policies for the supply chain, and the collective agreements that have been continuously applied by organization for its staffing. During the resources planning, there is significance in considering the resources that are commonly used in the project and the ones from the external environment. The Staffing Management Plan will aim to provide a solution to the required resources to offer support to the program through the life cycle of the project. However, it is of significance to note that the details contained in the plan will only be for the foreseeable future and will be updated with a continuation of realization of the process. When it comes to the staffing of the project and the resources, the requirements will vary with time as the project progresses. This document will be subjected to continuous updates as deemed necessary for the phases that are to come. Finally, purchased services contracts from the external that includes Amplified Staff, particular, and accomplished task contracts will help greatly in bringing in new staff in the course of realizing the project (Project Management Institute, 2004). When it comes to the management of the organization, the focus has been solemnly put on ensuring that the goals of the process are achieved so that the mission and vision of the organization are achieved.   The quality program is inclusive of the team members who have basic duties of making the processes, ensuring that their effectiveness, and overseeing the actions that will make an improvement in the manner in which the organization manages quality during  and after the project. References    Project Management Institute. (2004). A guide to the project management body of  knowledge (PMBOK guide). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. DMOZ Regional: North America: United States: Tennessee: Guides and Directories. (2016).

Innovation for Settlers of The Americas :: essays research papers

The Innovative Worlds The Americas were an undiscovered challenge for new settlers. Many different types of people and cultures had to merge to make their new lives simple as possible. Europeans were not even aware of the existence of the Americas before the fifteenth century. They needed aiding along their journeys. Many people were used to help others on their paths in exploring the new worlds. Many of these helpful â€Å"guides† didn’t even speak English and most the time were kept against their will. â€Å"The Apalachee Indians lived in northwestern Florida. Keeping these Indians as guides, we preceded another ten or twelve leagues, to a village of fifteen houses, where we saw a large cornfield ready for harvest, some of the ears already dry.† The Indian guides helped them across the land whether it was willingly or not. It was a time of extreme conditions when it came to finding and doing things for ones own self. Disease was the reaper of many deaths. Initial contact between al l these separate groups was a treacherous one. The Spaniards shot and captured the Indians, and distastefully took them back to Spanish land even in the 1750’s. When two different worlds collide, the want for power and authority bring on a rivalry and survival of the fittest. When the Spanish empire was evolving, the Spanish settlers were only interested in exploiting the Americas for their minerals such as gold and silver. The â€Å"surface riches† ultimately weakened the incentive to promote economic growth in Spain. Between effectively collecting these precious items and gaining control, this made Spain the most powerful nation on earth the power allowed the Spanish to take over any situation. The Native Americans were the first to fully get this mistreatment The Native Americans received two different types of contact from the settlers. One thing learned was religious values. Even as in Cabeza De Vaca the settlers were very religious. They relied on god’s help. Hearing mass on Sundays was an occasion that was looked forward to. Teaching the religion to the Indians provided a spread of Christianity while also proving a common ground for the settlers and Indians to relate to one another. The Jesuits provided church and religion just the same. They helped the Guanani Indians build on their city and interpret the Spanish culture. This religious enactment helped the two differently cultured worlds to come together.

The History of Comics :: Comic Strips Books Media Art Essays

The History of Comics Comics: In the Beginning The modern comic, as we know it, began in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World on February 17,1895. The comic, drawn by Richard F. Outcault, was based on the life of Mickey Dugan, an Irish immigrant child in the city. Although the strip had no name, people have dubbed it the "Yellow Kid" because the nightshirt worn by Mickey Dugan was the projection for an experiment in yellow ink by the newspaper. Eventually the comic came to be known as "Hogan's Alley." Soon comics were recognized for the selling potential and were published in newspapers all over the world. After the success of the World, a competitor, William Randolph Herst of the New York Journal, hired Outcault to draw Hogan's Alley for Hearst's Journal. The World continued publication of the strip using a new artist, and both papers were featuring the "Yellow kid." This led to people referring to the two papers as the yellow papers. And as the battle between the press lords became more intense, people began calling it yellow journalism which now has come to mean overly sensational journalism. Although Outcault won the battle over the rights of "Yellow kid," the mass marketing began. The cartoon was everywhere. Products were being produced, even cigars, bearing the "yellow kid." Soon the comic revolution began, and strips were published all over. Of these comics, "Katzenjammer Kids" drawn by Rudolph Dirks in 1897, was one of the most popular and first to regularly use voice balloons for dialogue. Outcault also continued drawing, and began a strip called "Buster Brown" which was to be a tie between the comic strip and the comic book. The mass marketing continued, and "Buster Brown" had his own line of shoes (McHam). Until 1907, comic strips ran only on Sundays. In 1907, the first daily strip appeared. "Mutt and Jeff" by Bud Fisher, began being published daily in the San Franciso Chronicle. Following that was "Bringing up Father," in 1912, and soon many others including: "Barney Google"; "Thimble Theater" forerunner to "Popeye"; "Moon Mullins" "Orphan Annie" and "Andy Gump" which was the first comic to tell a continuing story. Hearst pushed comics in all of his newspapers and began King Features, a syndication service, to deliver comics to his and other papers. King Features continues syndicating today along with company's such as Universal Press Syndicate in Kansas City, Kansas.

Hypertension Causes And Treatments Health And Social Care Essay

The most common medical status and taking cause of decease in Ireland today is Hypertension, accounting for about 1/3 of the entire figure of deceases and killing about 10,000 people each twelvemonth. Hypertension or high blood force per unit area is where the force of the blood against the arterial walls as it circles the organic structure is more forceful than it should be. It is the chief cause of decease in Ireland due to the fact that it is a status that normally gives no symptoms, and goes unnoticed unless it is checked on a regular basis or when a wellness job arises. It is the deficiency of symptoms that gives the status its other name The Silent Killer. To look into entire blood force per unit area a measuring of both systolic and diastolic force per unit area must be taken. Systolic force per unit area measures the blood force per unit area while the bosom beats and diastolic force per unit area measures the blood force per unit area while the bosom rests. Normal blood forc e per unit area is considered to be 120/80 mmHg, 120 being the measuring of systolic end product and 80 being measuring of the diastolic end product. Today, there are 4 classs of blood force per unit area ; normal, pre-hypertension, high blood pressure stageI and high blood pressure stageII. Normal blood force per unit area as stated antecedently is 120/80, pre-hypertension is considered to be between 121-139 systolic and 80-89 diastolic while both phases of high blood pressure are 140 systolic or higher with 90 diastolic or higher.blood-pressure.gifThe statusWith Hypertension, as stated antecedently both the systolic and diastolic may be inveterate higher than 140/90mmHg or merely one of the measurings may be inveterate higher than the normal figure. Hypertension is split into 2 different blood force per unit area classs ; high blood pressure phase I and high blood pressure phase II. Phase I flatly has a systolic of between 140 and 159 with a diastolic of 90 to 99 while phase II is marked by a systolic reading of 160 or higher with a diastolic of 100 or more. There are 2 types of high blood pressure, the first is called indispensable high blood pressure and the second is called secondary high blood pressure. Essential or primary high blood pressure is high blood force per unit area with no identified cause while secondary high blood pressure is high blood force per unit area caused by another implicit in status or the medicine used to handle it. When sing the pathogenesis of primary high blood pressure, the alteration in systemic vasculature could be as a consequence of continuously increased blood volume, cardiac end product or strictly due to sustained lift of the systemic vascular opposition. The increased opposition is as a consequence of a decrease in diameter of the lms and thickener of the walls of immune blood vass. Vascular tone is besides another factor to take into consideration when sing pathogenesis as surveies show that vascular endothelium of p atients with high blood pressure produce really small azotic oxide. Nitric oxide is the organic structure ‘s natural vasodilative but due to the decrease in production the vascular smooth musculus becomes less sensitive to its activity. This deficiency of azotic oxide and desensitized smooth musculus coupled with increased production of endothelin can take to enhanced vasoconstriction of the vascular tissue. This vasoconstriction causes the arterial walls to go more stiff and to increase opposition to the flow of blood, which in bend causes the bosom to crush more forcefully. The stiffening of the arterial walls besides leads to a wider pulsation which is a characteristic of stray systolic high blood pressure which is where the systolic reading is 140 but the diastolic reading is still below 90.blood_vessel.gifCausesToday, indispensable high blood pressure histories for more than 90 % of all high blood pressure related instances while secondary high blood pressure viz. account s for the remainder. The cause of indispensable high blood pressure is unknown but there are 7 factors that could potentially be responsible for this type of blood force per unit area. These are a high salt diet, age, ethnicity such as African American, Renal inadequacy, weight jobs, genetic sciences and susceptibleness. Secondary high blood pressure is less common but is by and large a consequence of an implicit in status or due to medicine ; some implicit in causes include nephritic inadequacy, thyroid inadequacy, gestation, emphasis and many more. Nephritic arteria stricture is the narrowing of the nephritic arteria lms, this consequences in a decrease of force per unit area in the arteriola and a decrease in nephritic perfusion. This decrease in nephritic perfusion and bottleneck of the arteria stimulates the release of chymosin which increases the concentration of the endocrines angiotensin II and aldosterone. The addition in these endocrines consequences in the increased consu mption of Na and H2O therefore increasing the blood volume taking to high blood pressure due to the Frank-Starling mechanism. The pathogenesis of hyperaldosteronism is similar to that of nephritic arteria stricture, as the increased secernment of aldosterone consequences in increased Na and H2O uptake therefore increasing the blood volume and cardiac end product. The Frank-Starling mechanism is physiologically involved in equilibrating the end product of the 2 ventricles of the bosom ; it is the Black Marias ability to alter its force of contraction therefore altering the shot volume as a response to alterations in the venous return. An illustration of this is an addition in end product of the right ventricle would take to an addition in the flow into the left ventricle. Without the Frank-Starling mechanism to respond to the instability so a major malfunction would occur.primary hyperaldosteronism One of the most prevailing links with secondary high blood pressure in today ‘s society is stress. It acts as an indirect cause of the status by repeatedly exciting the sympathetic nervous system ; this overstimulation leads to big sums of vasoconstricting endocrines such as noradrenaline to be released. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system due to emphasize besides increases the go arounding angiotonin II, antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone degrees. The changeless and perennial bottleneck of the arterias due to increased cardiac end product and vascular opposition elevates the blood force per unit area. On top of the sympathetic nervous system stimulation, emphasis besides stimulates the adrenal myelin to bring forth more catecholamines such as noradrenaline and adrenaline. It is the combination of increased catecholamines and angiotonin II that maintains the elevated blood force per unit area doing the high blood pressure.Conventional interventionTo handle the statu s it is frequently necessary to look at the underlying cause if any and to seek dainty that where possible. For indispensable high blood pressure there is no identifiable cause so the intervention program is test and mistake, while with secondary high blood pressure ; the implicit in status that is seting emphasis on the bosom can be treated with the hopes that it will relieve the strain. There are 4 chief categories of antihypertensive drugs these are ; Diuretics, vasodilatives, sympathetic nervous system suppressers and rennin-angiotensin system drugs. Diuretic drugs such as Thiazides, K sparing and cringle are the chief types used in the intervention of high blood pressure. They are frequently called ‘water pills ‘ as they act on the kidneys to increase the riddance of Na and H2O from the organic structure in order to diminish blood volume. Vasodilators are another of import class of drugs in the intervention of high blood pressure as they help in the relaxation of the musculuss in the blood vass. Calcium channel adversaries ( blockers ) and potassium channel agonists are 2 chief illustrations of vasodilatives used to handle high blood pressure. The Ca channel blockers aid in the relaxation by barricading the Ca conductivity of L type Ca channels on vascular smooth musculus. K+ channel agonists on the other manus do local relaxation of smooth musculus by increasing the permeableness of the membrane to K+ ions. The activation of K ions switches off the Ca channels therefore halting the production of action potencies. Alpha and beta blockers/ adversaries are 2 chief sympathetic nervous system suppressers or peripheral sympatholytic drugs used in the intervention of high blood pressure. The alpha adversary blocks the alpha receptors in the smooth musculus of peripheral arterias which blocks the mechanism of contraction through the IP3 signal transduction tract therefore cut downing the blood force per unit area. The beta antagonists nevertheless, merely act on cut downing the cardiac end product and are found to be non so effectual on their ain and so they are by and large prescribed with the usage of water pills like the Thiazides. Alpha agonists are the 3rd type of sympathetic nervous system suppresser or centrally acting sympatholytic drugs, they block the sympathetic activity of the encephalon by adhering to the alpha 2 receptor and triping it. This activation of the alpha 2 receptor reduces the escape to the bosom therefore diminishing the cardiac end product, bosom rate and contraction. By an d large the alpha agonists are prescribed in concurrence with water pills due to the drugs unstable accretion side effects which when left untreated can take to cell hydrops. The last class of drugs used to handle high blood pressure is the Renin-angiotensin targeting drugs. The 2 chief aiming drugs used are ACE inhibitors and angiotonin II receptor adversaries. ACE inhibitors or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ; barricade the enzyme from bring forthing angiotonin II which is responsible for the narrowing of blood vass and stimulation of endocrines that raise blood force per unit area. By barricading this enzyme, the blood vass remain relaxed and blood force per unit area remains normal. On the other manus, the angiotonin II receptor adversaries block the action of angiotonin non the formation therefore the blood vass remain relaxed.Herbal and complementary interventionIn today ‘s medical universe, diet and exercising are the best recommended interventions where possible or when medicine can be avoided. Simple things such as to discontinue smoke, exerting for 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours, restricting salt and intoxicant consumption, eating a bosom healthy diet and cut downing emphasis are all things that could dramatically take down blood force per unit area. Addendums in the diet are another friendly manner of lower blood force per unit area, addendums such as omega3 fish and pod liver oils, coenzyme Q10, ALA, Allium sativum, Ca and chocolate are all indicated for the intervention of high blood pressure. Where addendums and diet do n't hold the desired efficaciousness, herbs can assist hike the effects or can even be used in concurrence with prescribed anti-hypertensive medicines.

Development as a Dynamic System

The dynamic systems theory in development explicated by Thelen and Smith conceptualized the process of development as a process of change. In the theory, the authors explained how the development of human occurred. The concept of the theory greatly uses the experiments and study on motor, perceptual and cognitive development. The dynamic system theory is considered as a new scientific paradigm that is continuously evolving from the concept of development as a dynamic, non-linear, self-organizing or even chaotic system.The dynamic system theory of development encompasses different principle widely used and accepted in different fields such as in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. (Stolorow, 1997) Thelen and Smith concerned with the explanation as to how development occurs in humans proposed a radical alternative to the exiting cognitive theory. (Storolow, 1997) Their emphasis on dynamic representation of the process and the process evoking the concept of change is also stressed.As a n alternative to the traditional cognitive theory existing at the time the theory was developed, it attempt to apply the complexity theory to psychology as they reinterpret several traditional concepts used in the cognitive development theory in psychology. In this approach, the theory started with fundamental questions with regards to the cognitive theory.As the new theory of dynamic system of development revealed, it is regarded as a theory of development of cognition and action, at the same time unifying the recent advances in their conceptualized theory and the current research findings and analysis in the neuroscience and neural development field. The dynamic system of development theory shows how the processes governed by principles of exploration and selection and multimodal experiences form the bases for self-organizing perception and action categories. (Thelen, 1994) The theory became a powerful source of new metaphors for the field of psychoanalysis.The theory includes ana lysis of phenomena like conflict, transference, resistance and the unconscious intertwined with the perspective of the development process as dynamically emergent properties that elucidate the process of pattern formation and the process of change. The theory is useful in understanding the complexity of the development process. As a function of the theory, it permits theoretical statements about development of societies and groups but also the individuals within the societies and the entities that govern the group.The dynamic system approach attempts to answer the different levels of problems and at some point avoids it by defining the process of development being multilayered. The theoretical assumptions of the dynamic system theory tries to avoid the concept of stages in outward behavior because the concept of the theory acknowledges the fact that outward behaviors that appears to be staged-like is or can be explained through the occurring continuous changes in the components gove rning those behaviors.  (Thelen, 1994)The theory stresses the importance of the concept of change and transition, and attributes the process of development in the mechanisms of change that has a process of the first step towards the last. The theory focuses on the concept of change, and limits its regards to change being time-bounded or as a series of stages with transitions. Dynamic systems being self-organizing are a consequence for the idea that development is a result of spontaneous emergence of higher-order structure.The emergence of higher-order structures contributes to the recursive interactions among the simple components included in the process. Essentially connected with human development is the concept of human individuals being developing organisms having continuous and numerous genetic, physiological and psychological attributes. In turn this results to behavioral changes which include the interaction between the individual and its environment. In turn the dynamic sy stem theory of development is given less of the credit it deserves as a theory that explains further the human development of an individual.The concern of the theory is to stress the value of the concept of change and how it is important in the understanding of development and other factors that surrounds the concept of development. The dynamic system of development in humans greatly contributes to the fact that behavior is the outcome of the interaction between the individual and its environment. Thelen and Smith objectively presented a new theory that governs the principle of development being a process of change, which includes the transitory and stages in resulting to development. Reference: Stolorow, R. D. (1997). A Dynamic System Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action: By Esther Thelen and Linda Smith. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 1(78), 620-622. Storolow, R. D. (1997). Dynamic, Dyadic, Intersubjective Systems: An Evolving Paradigm for Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytical Psychology, 1(14), 337-346. Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.   

The Laws in the Reconstruction Era and the Civil Rights Movement

The Laws in the Reconstruction Era and the Civil Rights Movement The civil rights movement that started and grew through the years following the Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954 and with the help of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Patterson, 2001) marked an important period that accomplished more than ending segregation in cities and unfair rights; it led to the transformation of American social, cultural, and political life. The civil rights movement did not only demonstrate that the rights of African Americans should not be ignored but also showed how a nation as a whole had the power to change itself. The way the civil rights unfolded, gave others a chance to reach equal opportunity in the future. When one thinks of the words â€Å"civil rights† one often thinks of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech before the nation’s capital. Many can recall television footage of peaceful marchers being abused by fire hoses and police dogs. These and other images can be seen as a struggle and intense burst of black activists that characterized the civil rights movement of the mid twentieth century. Yet African Americans have always struggled for their rights. Many consider the civil rights movement to have begun not in the 1950s but when Africans were first brought in chains, centuries earlier, to American shores (Gillon & Matson, 2001). In particular, those African Americans who fought their enslavement and demanded fundamental citizenship rights laid the foundation for the modern civil rights movement. The first slaves were brought to America in 1619 ( Gillon & Matson, 2001). Not until the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery following the Civil War did blacks gain their freedom (Gillon & Matson, 2001). But the newly freed blacks could not read or write and did not have money or property, and racism and inequality remain, especially in the South, where slavery had predominated for so long. To aid black assimilation into white society, federal and state governments implemented many democratic reforms between the years 1865 and 1875, the Reconstruction era (Gillon & Matson, 2001). The Fourteenth Amendment, for example, guaranteed blacks federally protected equal rights, and the Fifteenth Amendment granted black men the right to vote (Gillon & Matson, 2001). Despite these and other measures to help the former slaves’ rights, the effects of the Reconstruction era were short lived. In the area of extreme southern white society, many did whatever it took to keep blacks from enjoying any of the benefits of citizenship. Some, for example, sought to keep African Americans from equal rights through harassment or intimidation. A number of racist groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), used even more cruel methods including lynching and other forms of violence to terrify African Americans seeking to exercise their rights or advance their social position. You can read also  Similarities and Conflicts in † a Streetcar Named Desire† As the constitutional guarantees of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments continued to slowly disappear, the Supreme Court struck perhaps the most crippling blow to the black struggle for equality: In 1896 the Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that blacks and whites could be legally separated as long as the facilities for each were â€Å"equal† (Chong, 1991). Facilities for blacks and whites were rarely equal. More importantly, the Supreme Court’s decision, by legally backing segregation, gave white society a powerful tool to keep blacks from enjoying the rights of citizenship. With the Supreme Court now reinforcing the South’s segregation practices, the environment of white racism gave birth to the Jim Crow Laws, southern customs and laws that kept parks, drinking fountains, streetcars, restaurants, theaters, and other public places segregated (Conklin, 2008). In response to Jim Crow, which by 1900 extended into all parts of public life, several leaders in the black community stepped up to debate political strategies to fight injustice and racial inequality. One of the dominant figures of this early movement for civil rights was an intellectual W. E. B. Du Bois, who encouraged African Americans to fight for the rights that they deserved. Du Bois’ crusade led, in part, to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), a civil rights organization that brought together lawyers, educators, and activists to collectively fight for black civil rights (Powledge, 2001). Through protests, agitation, and legal action, the NAACP continued a steady campaign to end segregation in housing, education, and other areas of public life. With the outbreak of World War I, well over a quarter of a million black troops joined the military, but were relegated to segregated units (Romano, 2006). At the same time, many blacks traveled north to take advantage of the rapidly increasing defense industries. This massive migration, however, aggravated unemployment and other problems that already plagued the northern urban centers. Racial problems continued. When the United States entered World War II, African Americans were, as before, subjected to discrimination in the defense ndustries and in military units, despite their willingness to risk their lives in combat (Powledge, 2001). These wartime experiences, along with a growth in the African American population resulted in a surge of black protest that brought Jim Crow under national scrutiny. During the 1950s, two incidents brought the issue of civil rights squarely into the public spotlight. On May 17, 1954, the NAACP, which had been steadily chipping away at the legal foun dations of segregation, won an unprecedented legal victory: The Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional (Polsgrove, 2001). Chief Justice Earl Warren presented the Court’s decision, in which he describes why â€Å"separate but equal† in education represents a violation of African Americans’ rights: â€Å"Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group. A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. Segregation, with the sanction of law, therefore, has a tendency to inhibit the educational and mental development of Negro children and deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racially integrated school system† (Patterson, 2001). By ruling against â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine set by the case Plessy v. Ferguson, the court had struck a blow to segregation. But still many southern racist practices were still being practiced, and many whites remained opposed to change. With the ruling of Brown, the affects remained slow, if not existing at all. Many school officials refused to comply with the ruling and the threat of harassment; for the ruling had unleashed fierce resistance preventing many black students from enrolling in all-white schools. At the same time, schools for black students remained overcrowded, dilapidated, and, in general, grossly inferior to those that their white counterparts enjoyed (Conklin, 2008). The second incident that captured the public eye unfolded in Montgomery, Alabama, when a woman named Rosa Parks started the spark that would provide the momentum for the entire civil rights movement. On December 1, 1955, the NAACP member boarded a public bus and took a seat in the â€Å"Negro† section in the back of the bus. Later, Parks refused to relinquish her seat to a white passenger, defying the law by which blacks were required to give up their seats to white passengers when the front section, reserved for whites, was filled (Polsgrove, 2001). Parks was immediately arrested. In protest, the black community launched a one-day local boycott of Montgomery’s public bus system. As support for Parks began, the NAACP and other leaders took advantage of the opportunity to draw attention to their cause. They enlisted the help of a relatively unknown preacher, Martin Luther King Jr. , to organize and lead a massive resistance movement that would challenge Montgomery’s racist laws (Kohl, 2005). Four days after Parks’ arrest, the citywide Montgomery bus boycott began (Kohl, 2005). It lasted for more than a year. Despite taunting and other forms of harassment from the white community, the boycotters persevered until the federal courts intervened and desegregated the buses on December 21, 1956 (Kohl, 2005). The Montgomery bus boycott was important because it demonstrated that the black community, through unity and determination, could make their voices heard and effect change. Picketing, boycotting, and other forms of resistance spread to communities throughout the South. Meanwhile, King emerged as the movement’s preeminent leader. His adherence to the nonviolent tactics used by the Indian nationalist Mohandas Gandhi would largely characterize the entire civil rights movement and inspire large scale participation by whites as well as blacks (Sunnemark, 2003). From 1955 to 1960, the efforts of blacks to bring attention to their cause met with some success. In 1957 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, the first since Reconstruction, to establish a civil rights division in the Justice Department that would enforce voting and other rights (Davis, 2001). Meanwhile, the NAACP continued to challenge segregation, and out of that came numbers of new organizations that where formed. Among these, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a Christian-based organization founded in 1957 and led by King, became a major force in organizing the civil rights movement (Sunnemark, 2003). An organization called the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) grabbed the media spotlight, and started many protests; when it backed four students who launched a sit-in campaign to desegregate southern lunch counters (Conklin, 2008). Not only was the nonviolent sit in technique used to desegregate other public places, but it gave large numbers of African American youths a way to participate in the movement. This helped gain national attention, bringing equal rights demands before the public eye. The protest movement continued to accelerate as different leaders tested new tactics and strategies. Many established community-based projects that sought to combat the barriers that kept blacks from voting. Others targeted the white terrorism that continued to intimidate blacks into submission. King and other leaders launched a massive campaign that brought together thousands of blacks in Birmingham, Alabama, one of the most segregated and violently racist cities at the time (Sunnemark, 2003). Early in the campaign, King was arrested and jailed. From his cell, he penned his famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† which earned him the support of many sympathetic whites (Conklin, 2008). Meanwhile, as blacks continued the desegregation campaign in Birmingham, an event occurred that irrevocably commanded the attention of America and its leaders: In an effort to stop a demonstration, the notoriously racist police Chief Eugene â€Å"Bull† Connor turned vicious attack dogs and fire hoses on the peaceful demonstrators (Sunnemark, 2003). The force of the water slammed women and children to the ground and sent others hurling through the air. Television coverage and other media reports of these brutal assaults shocked the nation and viewers around the world. After a month of this highly publicized violence, city officials repealed Birmingham’s segregation laws (Powledge, 2001). In Birmingham’s aftermath, mass demonstrations continued to spread, as did fierce resistance within the white community. In response to these events, King and other leaders planned a mass gathering on the nation’s capital in the summer of 1963 (Sunnemark, 2003). On August 28, the March on Washington brought an estimated quarter of a million people, black and white, in front of the Lincoln Memorial, where King delivered his now famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech (Romano, 2006). This triggered the SNCC to start a wide-scale campaign to bolster voting rights. The group launched a massive voter registration drive throughout the South, concentrating on Mississippi, where less than 5 percent of the state’s eligible blacks were registered to vote (Conklin, 2008). Freedom Summer, as it became known, was marked by episodes of extreme white terrorism. One of the most heinous examples involved three young civil rights workers. The trio was working to register voters when they were arrested and later murdered by the Ku Klux Klan (Patterson, 2001). By 1965 the voting campaign had shifted to Selma, Alabama, where, under the leadership of King, thousands of demonstrators began a fifty-mile trek to Montgomery (Sunnemark, 2003). This time, as the peaceful demonstrators approached the Edmund Pettis Bridge, state troopers used police whips and clubs to halt their progress. The scene blasted into American living rooms via the nightly news. After â€Å"Bloody Sunday,† thousands of people gathered again to complete the march, this time under the protection of the Alabama National Guard (Powledge, 2001). On August 6, 1965, shortly after the highly publicized events in Selma, President Johnson signed into law the Voting Rights Act, which, for the first time since Reconstruction, effectively opened up the polls to southern black Americans (Davis, 2001). By the mid-1960s, many black activists started to lose faith in the civil rights reforms that thus far had targeted only the most blatant forms of discrimination (Chong, 1991). While King’s nonviolent direct action approach had dominated the movement, many people particularly in the North, adopted a more revolutionary stance. As a wave of nationalist sentiment grew within the movement, organizations such as SNCC and CORE took up more militant agendas. SNCC, for example, began promoting a program of â€Å"black power† a term that meant racial pride (Conklin, 2008). The greatest spokesman for Black Nationalism was Malcolm X. With his working-class roots and charismatic style of speaking, Malcolm appealed to a lot of young urban blacks. Malcolm rejected Dr. King’s advocacy of nonviolence and instead urged his followers to secure their rights â€Å"by any means necessary† (Sunnemark, 2003). After Malcolm’s assassination in February 1965, another extremely provocative Black Nationalist group emerged: the Black Panthers, a group that boldly adopted the idea â€Å"by any means necessary† (Sunnemark, 2003). Race riots exploded across America, as blacks trapped in urban slums lashed out against the poverty and racism still rampant in their communities. Not only did the riots devastate ghetto areas that were home to millions of African Americans, including those in the Watts section of Los Angeles, but the racial violence started a separation between those who continued to believe that civil rights could be achieved through peaceful means and those who were more violent . King’s assassination in April 1968 struck a blow to the already fractured civil rights movement. Marin Luther King Jr. became the face of national equality not just for African American but to all those who sought justice and freedom. The American civil rights movement nevertheless left a permanent mark on American society. Most of the forms of racial discrimination came to an end, and racial violence decrease. Today, African Americans can freely exercise their right to vote, and in communities where they were once banned from the polls. Millions of African Americans have been lifted out of poverty as a result of the many economic opportunities created by the civil rights movement. Also important, the civil rights movement served as a model for the advancement of other minority groups, including women, the disabled, Hispanics, and many others. The civil rights movement has left a legacy in which generations after it can learn by reading it and not through experiencing it.

Warren Buffet and the Company

Relation between   Selected from Financial ReviewWarren Buffet, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, is one of the most successful investors and business executives of all time. He has invested in many industries which can be seen in the following figure:Figure 1: Warren Buffett's Portfolio (Source: gurufocus, 2018)From the above graph, we can see that the sectors that Warren Buffet has invested are quite similar to the sectors that we have selected. Buffet has invested most (i.e. 42.6%) on the financial services. Likewise, we have also selected one of the companies from the financial sector i.e. National Australian Bank. In terms of their value of ordinary shares using PE ratio valuation model, we have ranked National Australian Bank on the third position as per our desirability to invest. Similarly, in the above table, we can see that Buffett has invested 23.4 % of their investment in consumer defensive product. Likewise, among ten, two of the companies that we have selected are also from consumer defensive sector i.e. Woolworths and Coca Cola. Like everyone, we very well know that Coca Cola is the favorite stock of Buffett. Frankel (2017) also indicated that the company of Buffett i.e. Berkshire Hathaway owns US 16.7 billion dollar worth of share of Coca Cola, making this company the third largest stock investment of Buffett. In the above figure, we can also see that Buffett has invested 4.3% on the energy sector. We have also selected three companies from the energy sector and ranked the AGL Energy on the top list of our desirability to invest as this company has got the highest value of ordinary share from PE ratio valuation Model. Since real estates and EFT, options, preferred are the least invested company as per the Warren Buffett's portfolio, it seems we are quite similar in that field, as we also have not chosen any companies from those sectors. 5. Comparison between Warren Buffet's Approach and Share Valuation Techniques used in the ReportWarren Buffet uses various approaches to estimate the value of shares, such as, earning yield, historical earning growth and sustainable growth. Buffett uses earning yield approach as it represents the rate of return which can be used to compare with other investment more quickly. Buffet normally compares the earning yield of a company with long term government bond yield and selects the one which earning yield is near to the government bond yield. In terms of historical earning approach, Buffett project the annual compound rate of return on the basis of historical earnings per share increased. The next approach of Buffett is based on the sustainable growth rate model where he utilizes the average rate of return on equity and average retention ratio so as to calculate the sustainable growth rate (Bajkowsi, n.d.).Sustainable growth model approach of Warren Buffett is similar to one of the share valuation techniques used in week 6- Chapter 10 i.e. P/E ratio valuation model. It is because, according to Bajkowsi, the sustainable growth rate is utilize to estimate the book value per share in year ten and earnings per share can be measured in year 10 by multiplying the average return on equity with the projected book value per share. Then, estimate earning per share is multiplied with average P/E ratio to get the future price. Therefore, we prefer to use the P/E ratio valuation model because it is also one of the approaches used by the best investor of the world, Warren Buffet. 6. RecommendationIn terms of company, it is very wise to invest in AGL Energy Company as this company has the highest value of ordinary shares from P/E ratio valuation model compare to others. In terms of approaches and techniques regarding share valuation, it is wise to go for PE ratio valuation model. When making the investment decision, it is very useful to follow the techniques and approaches used by the best investor of the world, Warren Buffett, as his experience, techniques and approaches can be very well utilized to select the best investments.7. ConclusionTherefore, in terms of investments, we have come to conclusion that we will be investing in AGL Energy Company as it has the highest value of ordinary share from PE ratio valuation model which is also highly utilized by Warren Buffet in terms of his share valuation. Warren Buffet is one of the best valued investor of the world, thus, it is very wise to follow the approach and techniques used by the Warren Buffet. Warren Buffett has invested most on the financial and Consumer defensive sector, thus, apart from AGL Energy, the companies that have occupied the second and third position in terms of our desirability to invest are Woolworths and National Australia Bank. Though there are various share valuation approached used by Warren Buffet and mentioned in our week 6-chapter 10, we prefer to use PE ratio valuation model as this approaches also helps to compare the prices of the firms in the same area of economy (Kennon, 2018).